Antibiotics are commonly used to treat infections. When considering what dose to prescribe to a patient, it is important to evaluate the patient’s renal function as many antibiotics are excreted by the kidney.
It is recommended to study the list of antibiotics that do NOT require renal dose adjustments rather than a list of the ones that do (as it can get very long and overwhelming).
Atypical bacteria are bacteria that do not color with gram-staining but rather remain colorless, they are neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative (they’re atypical! 😛). These include Chlamydiaceae, Legionella, and Mycoplasma; though Rickettsiaceae are also often considered atypical bacteria.